Epitaph (album)

Epitaph is a composition by jazz musician Charles Mingus. It is over 4000 measures long, takes more than two hours to perform, and was only completely discovered during the cataloguing process after his death. With the help of a grant from the Ford Foundation, the score and instrumental parts were copied, and the work itself was premiered by a 30-piece orchestra, conducted by Gunther Schuller and produced by Mingus' widow, Sue, at Alice Tully Hall on June 3, 1989, 10 years after his death, and issued as a live album. It was performed again at several concerts in 2007.

Critical reception
The New Yorker wrote that Epitaph represents the first advance in jazz composition since Duke Ellington's Black, Brown, and Beige, which was written in 1943. The New York Times said it ranked with the "most memorable jazz events of the decade". Convinced that it would never be performed in his lifetime, Mingus called his work Epitaph declaring that he wrote it "for my tombstone." Conductor Gunther Schuller said that Epitaph is "among the most important, prophetic, creative statement in the history of jazz.”

1962 version
There was one ill-fated attempt to record some of this during Mingus's lifetime, in New York City on October 12, 1962. The album The Complete Town Hall Concert (United Artists UAJ 14024) includes the tracks "Epitaph Pt. I" and "Epitaph Pt. II", as well as "Clark in the Dark", for trumpeter Clark Terry, who played in the band.

The musicians included:

Woodwinds
 * Pepper Adams (baritone saxophone)
 * Danny Bank (contrabass clarinet)
 * George Berg (tenor saxophone)
 * Buddy Collette (alto saxophone)
 * Eric Dolphy (alto saxophone)
 * Charlie Mariano (alto saxophone)
 * Charles McPherson (alto saxophone)
 * Romeo Penque (oboe)
 * Jerome Richardson (baritone saxophone)
 * Zoot Sims (tenor saxophone)

Trumpets
 * Eddie Armour
 * Rolf Ericson
 * Lonnie Hilyer
 * Ernie Royal
 * Clark Terry
 * Richard Williams
 * Snooky Young

Trombones & tuba
 * Eddie Bert
 * Jimmy Cleveland
 * Willie Dennis
 * Quentin Jackson
 * Britt Woodman
 * Paul Faulise (trombone)

Rhythm section
 * Warren Smith (vibraphone, percussion)
 * Les Spann (guitar)
 * Toshiko Akiyoshi (piano)
 * Jaki Byard (piano)
 * Charles Mingus (bass)
 * Milt Hinton (bass)
 * Dannie Richmond (drums)
 * Grady Tate (percussion)

A review by Bill Coss appeared in the December 6, 1962 edition of Down Beat titled "A Report of a Most Remarkable Event", and was reprinted in the January 2005 edition.

The concert/recording was extremely disorganized. From the liner notes: "...this record represents a curious combination of open recording session and concert on a New York City Town Hall stage that held thirty musicians, two men still copying the music to be played, no play-back equipment, and a host of unbelievable tensions."

From Martin Williams's review: "The occasion was supposed to have been a public recording date, but the producers' announcements and ads somehow came out reading 'concert.' At one point during the proceedings, Mingus shouted to his audience, advising, 'Get your money back!'"

From the Coss article:

"The microphone Mingus grabbed had no amplification, but what he said, more or less, was: "Get your money back. I couldn't stop you from coming here. The press agents lied to you. You've been taken advantage of. Go out now and get your money back. I don't want you to think I've done this to you. It was supposed to be a recording session, but Mr. George Wein, who is a fine promoter, changed it into a concert. So get your money back. The company has lots of money. It would take years to rehearse this music.""

The problems seem to have arisen because Mingus had piles of new music in his head, and wanted to stage an open rehearsal which United Artists and producer Alan Douglas wanted to record and release. Then UA moved up the date five weeks, Mingus kept writing even newer music while rehearsals were underway, the musicians were unprepared (the Coss article suggests that in three previous rehearsals not one piece had been played all the way through), and the audience - most of whom were apparently expecting a fully rehearsed concert rather than a taping session with false starts, retakes and edit pieces - was flabbergasted.

1989 version
After Mingus's death, the score to Epitaph was rediscovered by Andrew Homzy, director of the jazz program at Concordia University, Montreal. He had been invited by Sue Mingus to catalogue a trunkful of Mingus's handwritten charts and in the process had discovered a vast assortment of orchestral pages written by Mingus with measures numbered consecutively well into the thousands. After some investigation, Homzy realized what it was that he had found and eventually managed to reassemble the Epitaph score. At that point Homzy and Sue Mingus got in touch with Gunther Schuller, who put together an all-star orchestra to play this very demanding piece of music. However, despite the stellar cast that was assembled, problems were again encountered. Thirty years earlier, charts were being copied in the wings before the show. This time, the charts were all computerized, but the software was buggy and again charts were being sight-read at the last minute.

This was no mean feat. Epitaph resembles many other Mingus compositions in level of difficulty. Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis, pointing at a passage in the score said, "That looks like something you would find in an Etude Book... under 'Hard'." And conductor Gunther Schuller stated "The only comparison I've ever been able to find is the great iconoclastic American composer Charles Ives." Despite all these challenges, however, the concert, at Alice Tully Hall in New York's Lincoln Center in 1989, was a triumph, if ten years too late for Charles Mingus to enjoy it. The same personnel performed the piece two days later at the Wolf Trap Farm Park outside of Washington, DC. A double-CD was later released by Columbia/Sony Records. The concert was also filmed, and broadcast on U.K. television around 1990.

Personnel
Conductor Woodwinds Trumpets Trombones & tuba Rhythm section
 * Gunther Schuller
 * George Adams (tenor saxophone)
 * Phil Bodner (oboe, English horn, clarinet, tenor saxophone)
 * John Handy (clarinet, alto saxophone)
 * Dale Kleps (flute, contrabass clarinet)
 * Michael Rabinowitz (bassoon, bass clarinet)
 * Jerome Richardson (clarinet, alto saxophone, speech)
 * Roger Rosenberg (piccolo, flute, clarinet, baritone saxophone)
 * Gary Smulyan (clarinet, baritone saxophone)
 * Bobby Watson (clarinet, flute, soprano saxophone, alto saxophone)
 * Randy Brecker
 * Wynton Marsalis
 * Lew Soloff
 * Jack Walrath
 * Joe Wilder
 * Snooky Young
 * Eddie Bert
 * Sam Burtis
 * Urbie Green
 * David Taylor
 * Britt Woodman
 * Paul Faulise (bass trombone)
 * Don Butterfield (tuba)
 * Karl Berger (vibraphone, cowbell)
 * John Abercrombie (guitar)
 * Sir Roland Hanna (piano)
 * John Hicks (piano)
 * Reggie Johnson (bass)
 * Ed Schuller (bass, guiro)
 * Victor Lewis (drums)
 * Daniel Druckman (percussion, tumba)

2007 version
Let My Children Hear Music again presented Epitaph in 2007, including new sections discovered since the 1989 premiere.
 * Wed, April 25 2007, Frederick P. Rose Hall, Home of Jazz at Lincoln Center, New York. Hosted by Bill Cosby
 * Fri, April 27 2007, 8pm, Tri-C Jazz Festival, Cleveland, Ohio
 * Wed, May 16 2007, 8pm, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles
 * Fri, May 18 2007, 8pm, Symphony Center Chicago, Symphony Orchestra Chicago

The concert at Walt Disney Concert Hall was broadcast by NPR and available online.

Personnel
Conductor Woodwinds
 * Gunther Schuller
 * Michael Rabinowitz, bassoon
 * Douglas Yates, contrabass clarinet
 * Craig Handy
 * Steve Slagle
 * Abraham Burton, alto saxophones
 * Kathy Halvorson
 * Wayne Escoffery, tenor saxophones
 * Ronnie Cuber
 * Lauren Sevian, baritone saxophones

Trumpets
 * Ryan Kisor
 * Walter White
 * Jack Walrath
 * Dave Ballou
 * Alex Sipiagin
 * Kenny Rampton

Trombones & tuba
 * Sam Burtis
 * Ku-umba Frank Lacy
 * Andre Hayward
 * Conrad Herwig
 * Earl McIntyre
 * Dave Taylor
 * Howard Johnson

Rhythm section
 * Kenny Drew Jr.
 * George Colligan, pianos


 * Boris Kozlov
 * Christian McBride, basses


 * Johnathan Blake, drums


 * Christos Rafalides, vibraphone


 * Jack Wilkins, guitar


 * Mark Belair
 * David Nyberg, percussion

Score
In 2008, the full score of Epitaph was published by Let My Children Hear Music, Inc (The Charles Mingus Institute), distributed by Hal Leonard.